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HSK 2 Grammatik
Alle 48 Grammatikpunkte, die der offizielle HSK 3.0 Lehrplan auf Stufe 2 prüft, mit Funktion und Beispiel.
Grammatik
| Punkt | Kategorie | Was er leistet |
|---|---|---|
| 后缀“-面” | Word parts语素 | The suffix -面 attaches to direction words to form location words: 上面, 里面, 外面.书在桌子上面。The book is on the table. |
| 方位名词（左、右） | Word classes词类 | The locality nouns 左 “left” and 右 “right” combine with 边/面 to give directions.医院在商店的左边。The hospital is to the left of the store. |
| 动词重叠AA／A一A／A了A／ABAB | Word classes词类 | Reduplicating a verb (看看, 看一看) makes the action brief, casual, or tentative.我可以看看吗？May I take a look? |
| 能愿动词“可能” | Word classes词类 | The modal verb 可能 expresses possibility: “might / maybe”.他可能生病了。He might be sick. |
| 离合词（帮忙、游泳、跳舞、跑步）游泳 → 游（半个小时的）泳 | Word classes词类 | More separable verbs: activity words like 游泳 and 跑步 behave as verb+object compounds, and split when you say how long or how often.我会游泳。I can swim. |
| 疑问代词“为什么” | Word classes词类 | 为什么 asks for the reason: “why?”.你为什么不吃饭？Why aren’t you eating? |
| 人称代词“自己” | Word classes词类 | 自己 “oneself” reflects back on the subject or emphasizes doing something personally.这是我自己做的菜。This is a dish I made myself. |
| 指示代词（这么、那么、这样、那样、每） | Word classes词类 | 这么/那么 before an adjective mean “so / this …”, pointing at degree or manner.今天怎么这么热？Why is it so hot today? |
| 形容词重叠AA／AABB | Word classes词类 | Reduplicated adjectives (好好, 高高兴兴) intensify and vivify the description.你好好休息吧。Have a good rest. |
| 数词（万、好多、多） | Word classes词类 | 万 counts ten-thousands; Chinese numbers group by 万, not by thousand.这个电脑一万块钱。This computer costs ten thousand yuan. |
| 名量词（条、位、间、名；包） | Word classes词类 | More measure words: 条 for long thin things and animals, 位 politely for people, 间 for rooms.我买了一条鱼。I bought a fish. |
| 动量词“次”动词＋数词＋次 | Word classes词类 | The verbal measure word 次 counts how many times an action happens.我去过一次北京。I have been to Beijing once. |
| 程度副词（多、好、最） | Word classes词类 | The degree adverb 最 marks the superlative: “the most”.我最喜欢吃苹果。I like eating apples the most. |
| 范围副词“一起” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 一起 before the verb means doing something together.我们一起去吃饭吧。Let’s go eat together. |
| 时间副词（已经、还、有时候、快、正） | Word classes词类 | Time adverbs like 已经 “already” stand before the verb, often with sentence-final 了.他已经走了。He has already left. |
| 频率副词“常、经常” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 经常 before the verb means “often / frequently”.我经常去游泳。I often go swimming. |
| 否定副词“别”别＋动词（＋了） | Word classes词类 | 别 before a verb tells someone not to do something: “don’t”.上课别说话。Don’t talk in class. |
| 关联副词“就” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 就 links two actions in quick sequence: as soon as one happens, the next follows.你到了就给我打电话。Call me as soon as you arrive. |
| 介词“从”从＋时间/处所 | Word classes词类 | The preposition 从 marks the starting point in time or space: “from”.他从中国来。He comes from China. |
| 介词“往”往＋方向＋动词 | Word classes词类 | The preposition 往 marks the direction of movement: “toward”.请往前走。Please go forward. |
| 介词“给”给＋对象＋动词 | Word classes词类 | The preposition 给 introduces the beneficiary or recipient of an action: “for / to”.我晚上给你打电话。I will call you this evening. |
| 介词“跟”跟＋对象＋动词 | Word classes词类 | The preposition 跟 introduces the person one does something with or learns from.明天我跟妈妈去买东西。Tomorrow I am going shopping with Mom. |
| 连词“那” | Word classes词类 | The conjunction 那 “then / in that case” draws a conclusion from what was just said.你不去，那我自己去。If you are not going, then I will go myself. |
| 结构助词“得”（状态补语）动词＋得＋形容词性短语 | Word classes词类 | 得 after a verb links a complement describing how the action is done.他跑得很快。He runs very fast. |
| 结构助词“地”形容词＋地＋动词 | Word classes词类 | 地 links an adjective to the verb it modifies, forming an adverbial: 高兴地说.孩子们高兴地唱歌。The children sing happily. |
| 动态助词“过”动词＋过 | Word classes词类 | The aspect particle 过 after a verb marks past experience: “have (ever) done”.我去过中国。I have been to China. |
| 动态助词“着”动词＋着 | Word classes词类 | The aspect particle 着 after a verb marks an ongoing state or continuing action.门开着呢。The door is open. |
| 语气助词“啊” | Word classes词类 | Sentence-final 啊 adds exclamation, agreement, or urging to the sentence.今天天气真好啊！The weather is so nice today! |
| 固定短语“什么的”……、……什么的 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 什么的 after a list means “and so on / and such”.我买了苹果、茶什么的。I bought apples, tea, and so on. |
| 还是……吧还是＋……＋吧 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 还是……吧 proposes the better alternative after weighing options: “we’d better…”.太晚了，我们还是回家吧。It is too late - we had better go home. |
| 要/快要/就要……了要/快要/就要＋动词＋了 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | The frame 要……了 (also 快要/就要……了) marks something about to happen.火车就要开了。The train is about to leave. |
| 都……了都＋……＋了 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | The frame 都……了 stresses that a point has already been reached: “it’s already…”.都十点了，你怎么还在睡觉？It is already ten - why are you still sleeping? |
| 结果补语1动词＋错/懂/好/会/完 | Parts of the sentence句子成分 | A result complement right after the verb states the outcome: 完 “finished”, 错 “wrongly”, 懂 “understood”.我吃完饭了。I have finished eating. |
| 趋向补语1动词＋来/去 | Parts of the sentence句子成分 | Directional complements 来/去 (and 进来, 回来…) after a verb show movement toward or away from the speaker.你快进来吧。Come on in. |
| 数量补语2（时量）动词＋了＋时段 | Parts of the sentence句子成分 | A duration complement after the verb states how long the action lasts.我睡了八个小时。I slept for eight hours. |
| 主谓句4：主谓谓语句主语＋[主语＋谓语] | Sentence patterns句型 | A subject-predicate phrase itself serves as the predicate: 我身体很好 “my health is good”.我身体很好。My health is very good. |
| 选择问句“还是”A＋还是＋B？ | Sentence patterns句型 | 还是 joins two alternatives in a choice question: “A or B?”.你喝茶还是喝咖啡？Do you want tea or coffee? |
| “是”字句2（说明或特征） | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 是 links the subject to a description or characteristic, often with a 的-phrase.这件衣服是红的。This piece of clothing is red. |
| “有”字句2（达到） | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 有 before a quantity or comparison states that an amount or degree is reached.从我家到学校有二十分钟。It takes a good twenty minutes from my home to school. |
| 存现句2处所＋动词＋着（＋数量短语）＋名词 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | An existence sentence with verb+着: a place comes first, then what is there in that state.椅子上坐着一个人。A person is sitting on the chair. |
| 比较句1A＋比＋B＋形容词 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 比 compares two things: A is more … than B; a measure of difference can follow.他比我高。He is taller than me. |
| “是……的”句1是＋时间/地点/方式＋动词＋的 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | The 是……的 frame highlights the time, place, manner, or agent of a past action.你是什么时候来的？When was it that you came? |
| 兼语句1主语＋请/叫/让＋宾语1＋动词（＋宾语2） | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | A pivotal sentence: the object of 请/叫/让 is also the subject of the following verb.我想请你吃饭。I would like to invite you to a meal. |
| 双宾语句2主语＋动词＋给＋宾语1＋宾语2 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Verbs like 送 and 带 combine with 给 before the recipient and the thing given.他送给我一本书。He gave me a book as a gift. |
| 紧缩复句“一……就……”一＋动词1＋就＋动词2 | Multi-clause sentences复句 | The frame 一…就… means “as soon as A happens, B happens”.我一到家就给你打电话。I will call you as soon as I get home. |
| 转折复句“虽然……但是……”虽然……，但是…… | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 虽然…但是… links two clauses with a contrast: “although… , but…”.虽然很贵，但是我很喜欢。Although it is expensive, I like it very much. |
| 因果复句“因为……所以……”因为……，所以…… | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 因为…所以… links cause and result: “because… , therefore…”.因为下雨，所以我没去跑步。Because it rained, I did not go running. |
| 概数表达法1数词＋多＋量词 | Special ways of saying things特殊表达法 | Approximate numbers use 几 or add 多 after the numeral: 十多个 “ten-odd”.我买了十多个苹果。I bought more than ten apples. |
Quelle: das offizielle 考试大纲 zu HSK 3.0 vom November 2025.
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