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HSK 4 Grammatik
Alle 67 Grammatikpunkte, die der offizielle HSK 3.0 Lehrplan auf Stufe 4 prüft, mit Funktion und Beispiel.
Grammatik
| Punkt | Kategorie | Was er leistet |
|---|---|---|
| 能愿动词“敢” | Word classes词类 | 敢 means “to dare to”.我不敢告诉妈妈这件事。I dare not tell Mom about this. |
| 指示代词“任何／各／此” | Word classes词类 | 任何 means “any”, usually reinforced with 都.任何人都可以参加。Anyone can take part. |
| 动量词“趟／场／顿” | Word classes词类 | Verbal measure words like 趟 count trips or rounds of an action.我去了一趟银行。I made a trip to the bank. |
| 程度副词“十分” | Word classes词类 | 十分 means “very, fully” (a formal “extremely”).他对这次考试十分满意。He is very satisfied with this exam. |
| 范围副词“至少” | Word classes词类 | 至少 means “at least”.从这儿到机场至少要一个小时。It takes at least an hour from here to the airport. |
| 时间副词“从来” | Word classes词类 | 从来 with negation means “never (up to now)”.他从来不迟到。He is never late. |
| 频率副词“重新” | Word classes词类 | 重新 means “anew, all over again”.这篇文章我要重新写一遍。I will rewrite this article from scratch. |
| 方式副词“互相” | Word classes词类 | 互相 means “mutually, each other”.同学们应该互相帮助。Classmates should help each other. |
| 关联副词“却” | Word classes词类 | 却 marks an unexpected contrast: “yet, however”.他答应来，却没有来。He promised to come, yet he did not. |
| 情态副词“恐怕／也许” | Word classes词类 | 恐怕 means “I am afraid that…”, marking a worried guess.恐怕明天要下雨。I am afraid it will rain tomorrow. |
| 语气副词“竟然” | Word classes词类 | 竟然 marks surprise: “unexpectedly, to my surprise”.他竟然忘了自己的生日。He actually forgot his own birthday. |
| 介词“随着” | Word classes词类 | 随着 means “along with, as (something changes)”.随着时间过去，他习惯了这里的生活。As time passed, he got used to life here. |
| 介词“由” | Word classes词类 | 由 introduces the agent responsible: “to be done by…”.这件事由我来负责。I will be responsible for this matter. |
| 介词“对于” | Word classes词类 | 对于 introduces the object of an attitude or comment: “regarding”.对于这个问题，大家的看法不同。Regarding this question, people have different views. |
| 介词“按照／按” | Word classes词类 | 按照 means “according to, in line with”.请按照老师说的做。Please do as the teacher says. |
| 连词“并（且）” | Word classes词类 | 并且/并 joins verbs or clauses: “and, moreover”.我同意这个办法，并且愿意帮忙。I agree with this plan and am willing to help. |
| 助词“等” | Word classes词类 | 等 after a list means “and so on, etc.”.桌子上放着苹果、香蕉等水果。On the table are apples, bananas and other fruit. |
| 数词＋形容词＋量词一大＋量词 | Phrases短语 | An adjective can slot between number and measure word: 一大杯, 一大袋.他买了一大袋水果。He bought a big bag of fruit. |
| 四字格“一A一B／有A有B／无A无B” | Phrases短语 | Four-character frames like 有说有笑 pack two parallel actions or qualities.孩子们有说有笑地走进教室。The children walked into the classroom talking and laughing. |
| 来得及／来不及 | Phrases短语 | 来得及/来不及 say whether there is still time to do something.再不出发就来不及了。If we do not leave now, there will be no time. |
| 有的是 | Phrases短语 | 有的是 means “to have plenty of”.别着急，我们有的是时间。Do not worry; we have plenty of time. |
| 说不定 | Phrases短语 | 说不定 means “perhaps, you never know”.你问问他，说不定他知道。Ask him; he might just know. |
| 就是说／这就是说 | Phrases短语 | 就是说 restates something: “that is to say”.他没回短信，就是说他可能很忙。He did not reply, which means he is probably busy. |
| 一＋量词＋比＋一＋量词 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | One-M-比-one-M shows steady change: 一天比一天 “day by day”.天气一天比一天热。The weather is getting hotter day by day. |
| 在……方面 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 在…方面 means “in the area of, as regards”.在学习方面，他从来不让人担心。When it comes to studying, he never worries anyone. |
| 够……的 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 够…的 emphasizes a high degree: “really quite…”.今天可真够热的。It is really quite hot today. |
| 拿……来说 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 拿…来说 means “take… for example”.拿我们班来说，一半人会游泳。Take our class: half the people can swim. |
| 再也不／没…… | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 再也 + negation means “never again”.我再也不想看这部电影了。I never want to watch this movie again. |
| 怎么都／也＋不／没…… | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 怎么都/也 + negation means “no matter how, just cannot”.这个门怎么都打不开。This door just will not open no matter what. |
| 为了……而…… | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 为了 A 而 B: do B for the sake of A.他为了考上大学而努力学习。He studies hard in order to get into university. |
| X是X（一X是一X／X是X，Y是Y） | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 是-frames concede or separate: 能V一点是一点; A是A，B是B.时间不多了，能多学一点是一点。Time is short; every bit more we learn counts. |
| X也得X，不X也得X／说什么也得X | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 也得-frames insist there is no way around doing something.这件事你去也得去，不去也得去。You must go whether you want to or not. |
| （没）有什么（好）X的 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 没什么好X的 means “there is nothing worth X-ing about”.这件事没有什么好担心的。There is nothing to worry about in this matter. |
| X就X（点儿）吧／X就是了 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 就-frames accept something or reassure: “fine, so be it / just do it”.贵就贵点儿吧，东西好就行。If it is expensive, so be it, as long as it is good. |
| 还X呢 | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 还X呢 mocks a mismatch between a label and reality.还大学生呢，这个字都不认识。Some university student you are; you do not even know this character. |
| 你X你的（吧） | Fixed expressions固定格式 | 你X你的 tells someone to carry on with their own business.你忙你的吧，我自己来。You go on with your work; I will manage myself. |
| 程度补语2形容词／心理动词＋死了／得厉害 | Parts of the sentence句子成分 | 死了 after adjectives or feeling verbs means “to death, terribly”.走了一天，我累死了。After walking all day, I am dead tired. |
| 可能补语2动词＋得／不＋了 | Parts of the sentence句子成分 | V得了/V不了 say whether an action is possible or manageable.这么多菜，我一个人吃不了。So much food; I cannot eat it all by myself. |
| 反问句2难道……吗？ | Sentence types句类 | 难道…吗 forms a rhetorical question expressing disbelief.难道你忘了吗？Do not tell me you forgot? |
| “把”字句2主语＋把＋宾语＋动词＋了／一下／动量补语 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Extended 把 patterns with 了, reduplication, or measure complements.你把这句话再读一遍。Read this sentence once more. |
| 被动句2主语＋叫／让＋宾语＋动词＋其他成分 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 叫/让 mark colloquial passives like 被.蛋糕让弟弟吃完了。The cake was finished off by my little brother. |
| 兼语句2主语＋使／让＋人＋动词短语 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Pivotal sentences with 使/让 express causing someone to feel or do something.这个消息使大家很高兴。This news made everyone very happy. |
| 比较句3“A不如B”A＋不如＋B（＋形容词） | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 不如 means “not as good as / not as … as”.我的汉语不如他好。My Chinese is not as good as his. |
| 跟……相比 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 跟…相比 sets up a comparison: “compared with…”.跟去年相比，今年冬天冷多了。Compared with last year, this winter is much colder. |
| 双重否定句 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Double negation emphasizes a strong affirmative.班里没有人不认识他。There is no one in the class who does not know him. |
| 并列复句“不是……，而是……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 不是A而是B corrects: “not A but B”.他不是不想去，而是没有时间。It is not that he does not want to go, but that he has no time. |
| 并列复句“既……，又／也……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 既A又B joins two coexisting qualities or actions.这个房间既干净又安静。This room is both clean and quiet. |
| 并列复句“一方面……，另一方面……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 一方面…另一方面… presents two sides of a matter.他一方面想去，另一方面又怕花钱。On one hand he wants to go; on the other he fears spending money. |
| 承接复句“首先……，其次／然后……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 首先…其次/然后… lists steps or points in order.首先要努力，其次要有好方法。First you must work hard; second you need good methods. |
| 承接复句“……，于是……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 于是 links a situation to what happened as a result: “and so”.外面下雨了，于是我们留在家里。It started raining outside, so we stayed home. |
| 递进复句“……，甚至……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 甚至 pushes to an extreme case: “even”.他忙得甚至忘了吃饭。He was so busy he even forgot to eat. |
| 递进复句“不仅／不光……，还／而且……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 不仅…还… means “not only… but also…”.她不仅会英语，还会汉语。She knows not only English but also Chinese. |
| 递进复句“连……也／都……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 连…也/都 highlights an extreme case: “even”.他忙得连饭都没吃。He was so busy he did not even eat. |
| 选择复句“不是……，就是……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 不是A就是B means “if not A, then B - always one of the two”.他周末不是打球，就是游泳。On weekends he is either playing ball or swimming. |
| 转折复句“尽管……，但是／可是……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 尽管 concedes a fact before the contrast: “even though”.尽管很难，但是他没有放弃。Even though it was hard, he did not give up. |
| 转折复句“……，然而……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 然而 is a formal “however”.他试了很多次，然而都失败了。He tried many times; however, he failed every time. |
| 转折复句“……，不过……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 不过 adds a mild reservation: “but, though”.这个手机不错，不过有点儿贵。This phone is good, though a bit expensive. |
| 假设复句“……，否则……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 否则 warns of the alternative: “otherwise”.快点儿走，否则要迟到了。Hurry up, otherwise we will be late. |
| 假设复句“要是……，就……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 要是…就… is a colloquial “if…, then…”.要是明天天气好，我们就去公园。If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go to the park. |
| 条件复句“不管／无论……，都／也……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 不管/无论…都… means “no matter…, still…”.不管天气怎么样，我们都去。No matter what the weather is like, we will go. |
| 因果复句“既然……，就……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 既然…就… draws a conclusion from a given fact: “since…”.既然你不舒服，就在家休息吧。Since you are not feeling well, rest at home. |
| 因果复句“（由于）……，因此……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 因此 states the consequence: “therefore”.他平时很努力，因此成绩很好。He usually works hard; therefore his grades are good. |
| 目的复句“……，好……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 好 introduces the intended purpose: “so that…”.请把地址写清楚，好让司机找到你。Write the address clearly so the driver can find you. |
| 让步复句“即使／就是……，也……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | 即使/就是…也… concedes a hypothetical: “even if…”.即使下雨，我们也要去。Even if it rains, we will still go. |
| 紧缩复句“不……也……” | Multi-clause sentences复句 | Compressed “even without A, B still holds”.你不说我也知道。Even if you do not say it, I still know. |
| 概数表示法3数词＋来＋量词／大约／左右／前后 | Special ways of saying things特殊表达法 | 左右 after an amount, or 数+来+量, expresses “approximately”.现在是下午五点左右。It is around five in the afternoon now. |
| 倍数、分数、百分数的表示法 | Special ways of saying things特殊表达法 | 倍 expresses multiples: A是B的两倍, 多了一倍.今年的学生是去年的两倍。This year's students are double last year's. |
Quelle: das offizielle 考试大纲 zu HSK 3.0 vom November 2025.
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