{ "name": "HSK 1 grammar syllabus", "source": "The official HSK 3.0 考试大纲, published November 2025.", "compiledBy": "Gushi — https://gushi-chinese.online/", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "attribution": "HSK 1 grammar syllabus by Gushi (https://gushi-chinese.online/hsk-3.0/grammar/1), CC BY-SA 4.0", "page": "https://gushi-chinese.online/hsk-3.0/grammar/1", "sources": { "lists": "The word, character and grammar lists: the official HSK 3.0 考试大纲, published November 2025. Facts out of a published document.", "meanings": "The English meanings: adapted from CC-CEDICT (https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cc-cedict), CC BY-SA 4.0. This is why this data is share-alike.", "examples": "The example sentences: largely from the Tatoeba Project (https://tatoeba.org), CC BY 2.0 FR, plus sentences written for Gushi.", "compilation": "The selection, the pinyin, the tone numbers, the sense ordering and the checking: Gushi." }, "audioNote": "Free to play from gushi-chinese.online. NOT covered by this licence: the recordings are synthesised speech and are not ours to relicense as a corpus.", "updated": "2026-08-31", "kind": "grammar", "level": 1, "count": 45, "fields": { "level": "HSK 3.0 level, 1 to 9.", "point": "The grammar point as the syllabus names it.", "pattern": "The pattern the syllabus prints beside the point, where it prints one.", "categoryChinese": "The syllabus category, in Chinese.", "categoryEnglish": "The same category in English.", "explanation": "What the point does, in one sentence.", "exampleChinese": "Example sentence in simplified Chinese.", "exampleEnglish": "The example sentence in English." }, "data": [ { "level": 1, "point": "前缀“小-”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "语素", "categoryEnglish": "Word parts", "explanation": "The prefix 小- before a surname or given name makes a friendly, familiar form of address.", "exampleChinese": "小王是我的同学。", "exampleEnglish": "Xiao Wang is my classmate." }, { "level": 1, "point": "前缀“第-”", "pattern": "第＋数词", "categoryChinese": "语素", "categoryEnglish": "Word parts", "explanation": "The prefix 第- before a numeral forms ordinal numbers: 第一 first, 第二 second.", "exampleChinese": "今天是我上班的第一天。", "exampleEnglish": "Today is my first day at work." }, { "level": 1, "point": "后缀“-们”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "语素", "categoryEnglish": "Word parts", "explanation": "The suffix -们 marks plural on pronouns and words for people: 我们, 老师们.", "exampleChinese": "我们是学生。", "exampleEnglish": "We are students." }, { "level": 1, "point": "后缀“-边”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "语素", "categoryEnglish": "Word parts", "explanation": "The suffix -边 attaches to direction words to form location words: 上边, 前边, 外边.", "exampleChinese": "书在桌子上边。", "exampleEnglish": "The book is on top of the table." }, { "level": 1, "point": "方位名词（上、下、里、外、前、后）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Locality nouns like 上, 下, 里, 外 follow a noun to express “on / under / inside / outside”.", "exampleChinese": "我的书在家里。", "exampleEnglish": "My book is at home." }, { "level": 1, "point": "能愿动词“会、能”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The modal verbs 会 and 能 before a verb express learned ability (会) or capability/possibility (能).", "exampleChinese": "我会说汉语。", "exampleEnglish": "I can speak Chinese." }, { "level": 1, "point": "能愿动词“想、要”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The modal verbs 想 and 要 before a verb express wanting or intending to do something.", "exampleChinese": "我想喝茶。", "exampleEnglish": "I want to drink tea." }, { "level": 1, "point": "能愿动词“可以”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The modal verb 可以 expresses permission or possibility: “may / be allowed to”.", "exampleChinese": "你可以坐这儿。", "exampleEnglish": "You may sit here." }, { "level": 1, "point": "离合词（睡觉、说话、上课……）", "pattern": "睡觉 → 睡（一个好）觉", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Separable verbs like 睡觉, 说话, 上课 are verb+object compounds that act as one verb - and come apart to take 了 or a measure phrase in the middle.", "exampleChinese": "我晚上十点睡觉。", "exampleEnglish": "I go to bed at ten in the evening." }, { "level": 1, "point": "疑问代词（什么、谁、哪儿、几、多少……）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Question words like 什么, 谁, 哪儿 stand in the sentence position of the thing being asked about.", "exampleChinese": "这是什么？", "exampleEnglish": "What is this?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "人称代词（我、你、您、他、她、大家……）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Personal pronouns refer to people; 您 is the polite form of 你.", "exampleChinese": "您好，王老师！", "exampleEnglish": "Hello, Teacher Wang! (polite)" }, { "level": 1, "point": "指示代词（这、那、这儿、那儿、这些……）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Demonstratives 这 “this” and 那 “that” point to people, things, and places.", "exampleChinese": "这是我的书。", "exampleEnglish": "This is my book." }, { "level": 1, "point": "数词（一……十、百、千、半、二/两）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Numerals count things; before a measure word, “two” is 两, not 二.", "exampleChinese": "我有两个哥哥。", "exampleEnglish": "I have two older brothers." }, { "level": 1, "point": "名量词（本、个、家、口、块、件、只、元；杯）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "A measure word must stand between a number or demonstrative and its noun; 个 is the most general one.", "exampleChinese": "我买了三个苹果。", "exampleEnglish": "I bought three apples." }, { "level": 1, "point": "时量词（日、号、岁、点、分、年、天）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Time measure words count dates, ages, and clock time; 岁 counts years of age.", "exampleChinese": "你儿子几岁？", "exampleEnglish": "How old is your son?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "程度副词“很、太、非常、真、有点儿”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Degree adverbs stand before adjectives; a plain adjective predicate usually takes 很.", "exampleChinese": "我今天很忙。", "exampleEnglish": "I am very busy today." }, { "level": 1, "point": "范围副词“都”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The adverb 都 before the verb means “all / both”, covering everything mentioned before it.", "exampleChinese": "我们都是学生。", "exampleEnglish": "We are all students." }, { "level": 1, "point": "时间副词“在、正在”", "pattern": "（正）在＋动词（＋呢）", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "在 or 正在 before the verb marks an action in progress, often with 呢 at the end.", "exampleChinese": "他在吃饭。", "exampleEnglish": "He is eating." }, { "level": 1, "point": "频率副词“再”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The adverb 再 before a verb means “again / once more”, for a repeated future action.", "exampleChinese": "你明天再来吧。", "exampleEnglish": "Come again tomorrow." }, { "level": 1, "point": "关联副词“也、还”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The adverb 也 before the verb means “also / too”, linking a second parallel statement.", "exampleChinese": "我是学生，他也是学生。", "exampleEnglish": "I am a student, and he is a student too." }, { "level": 1, "point": "否定副词“不”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "不 before a verb or adjective negates present, habitual, or intended actions and states.", "exampleChinese": "我不是老师。", "exampleEnglish": "I am not a teacher." }, { "level": 1, "point": "否定副词“没（有）”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "没(有) negates possession and completed actions: “not have / did not”.", "exampleChinese": "我没有钱。", "exampleEnglish": "I have no money." }, { "level": 1, "point": "介词“在”（引出时间、处所）", "pattern": "在＋处所＋动词", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The preposition 在 introduces the place or time of an action, before the verb.", "exampleChinese": "我在学校学习。", "exampleEnglish": "I study at school." }, { "level": 1, "point": "介词“和、对”（引出对象）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The preposition 和 introduces the person one does something with; 对 introduces the target “toward”.", "exampleChinese": "我和妈妈去商店。", "exampleEnglish": "I go to the store with Mom." }, { "level": 1, "point": "连词“和”（连接词语）", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The conjunction 和 joins nouns or noun phrases: “A and B”.", "exampleChinese": "我有一只猫和一只狗。", "exampleEnglish": "I have a cat and a dog." }, { "level": 1, "point": "结构助词“的”", "pattern": "定语＋的＋名词", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The particle 的 links a modifier to its noun and marks possession: 我的书 “my book”.", "exampleChinese": "那是我的书。", "exampleEnglish": "That is my book." }, { "level": 1, "point": "动态助词“了”", "pattern": "动词＋了（＋宾语）", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The aspect particle 了 right after a verb marks a completed action.", "exampleChinese": "我买了三本书。", "exampleEnglish": "I bought three books." }, { "level": 1, "point": "语气助词“吗”", "pattern": "……＋吗？", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Sentence-final 吗 turns a statement into a yes-no question.", "exampleChinese": "你是学生吗？", "exampleEnglish": "Are you a student?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "语气助词“呢”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Sentence-final 呢 asks “what about…?”, softens a question in progress, or asks where something is.", "exampleChinese": "我是老师，你呢？", "exampleEnglish": "I am a teacher - what about you?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "语气助词“吧”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Sentence-final 吧 makes a suggestion or marks an assumption the speaker expects to be right.", "exampleChinese": "我们回家吧。", "exampleEnglish": "Let’s go home." }, { "level": 1, "point": "语气助词“了”（变化）", "pattern": "……＋了", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "Sentence-final 了 marks a new situation or change of state: “now / anymore”.", "exampleChinese": "天气冷了。", "exampleEnglish": "The weather has gotten cold." }, { "level": 1, "point": "叹词“喂”", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "词类", "categoryEnglish": "Word classes", "explanation": "The interjection 喂 opens a phone call or calls for someone’s attention: “hello?”.", "exampleChinese": "喂，你现在忙吗？", "exampleEnglish": "Hello, are you busy right now?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "主谓句1：动词谓语句", "pattern": "主语＋动词（＋宾语）", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "The basic sentence: a subject followed by a verb and an optional object.", "exampleChinese": "我吃米饭。", "exampleEnglish": "I eat rice." }, { "level": 1, "point": "主谓句2：形容词谓语句", "pattern": "主语＋（副词＋）形容词", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "An adjective serves directly as the predicate - no 是 is used before it.", "exampleChinese": "爸爸今天很忙。", "exampleEnglish": "Dad is very busy today." }, { "level": 1, "point": "主谓句3：名词谓语句", "pattern": "主语＋名词性词语", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "A noun phrase serves directly as the predicate for dates, times, ages, and prices - no 是 needed.", "exampleChinese": "今天星期一。", "exampleEnglish": "Today is Monday." }, { "level": 1, "point": "非主谓句", "pattern": "", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "A complete utterance without a subject-predicate structure, common in greetings and requests.", "exampleChinese": "请坐，请喝茶。", "exampleEnglish": "Please sit down and have some tea." }, { "level": 1, "point": "正反问句", "pattern": "动词＋不＋动词", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "A yes-no question formed by juxtaposing the positive and negative forms of the verb or adjective.", "exampleChinese": "你去不去？", "exampleEnglish": "Are you going or not?" }, { "level": 1, "point": "祈使句（请／不要）", "pattern": "不要＋动词", "categoryChinese": "句型", "categoryEnglish": "Sentence patterns", "explanation": "Imperatives use 请 for polite requests and 不要 to tell someone not to do something.", "exampleChinese": "不要说话。", "exampleEnglish": "Don’t talk." }, { "level": 1, "point": "“是”字句1（等同或类属）", "pattern": "A＋是＋B", "categoryChinese": "特殊句型", "categoryEnglish": "Special sentence patterns", "explanation": "是 links the subject to what it equals or what category it belongs to.", "exampleChinese": "我是学生。", "exampleEnglish": "I am a student." }, { "level": 1, "point": "“有”字句1（领有）", "pattern": "主语＋有＋宾语", "categoryChinese": "特殊句型", "categoryEnglish": "Special sentence patterns", "explanation": "有 expresses possession: the subject has something.", "exampleChinese": "我有一个姐姐。", "exampleEnglish": "I have an older sister." }, { "level": 1, "point": "存现句1", "pattern": "处所＋有＋数量短语＋名词", "categoryChinese": "特殊句型", "categoryEnglish": "Special sentence patterns", "explanation": "An existence sentence: a place comes first, then 有 (or 是) introduces what exists there.", "exampleChinese": "桌子上有三本书。", "exampleEnglish": "There are three books on the table." }, { "level": 1, "point": "连动句1", "pattern": "主语＋动词1（＋宾语）＋动词2（＋宾语）", "categoryChinese": "特殊句型", "categoryEnglish": "Special sentence patterns", "explanation": "Two verbs in sequence share one subject; the first is often 去/来 stating purpose or means.", "exampleChinese": "我去商店买苹果。", "exampleEnglish": "I go to the store to buy apples." }, { "level": 1, "point": "双宾语句1", "pattern": "主语＋动词＋宾语1＋宾语2", "categoryChinese": "特殊句型", "categoryEnglish": "Special sentence patterns", "explanation": "Some verbs take two objects: first the person, then the thing.", "exampleChinese": "妈妈给我十块钱。", "exampleEnglish": "Mom gives me ten yuan." }, { "level": 1, "point": "时间表示法", "pattern": "数词＋点（＋数词＋分）", "categoryChinese": "特殊表达法", "categoryEnglish": "Special ways of saying things", "explanation": "Clock time is stated with 点 for the hour and 分 for the minutes, placed before the verb.", "exampleChinese": "现在三点十分。", "exampleEnglish": "It is now ten past three." }, { "level": 1, "point": "钱数表示法", "pattern": "数词＋块（钱）", "categoryChinese": "特殊表达法", "categoryEnglish": "Special ways of saying things", "explanation": "Prices are counted with 块 (colloquial) or 元 (formal): 三块钱 “three yuan”.", "exampleChinese": "这个苹果三块钱。", "exampleEnglish": "This apple is three yuan." } ] }